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| Steven Dickinson |
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| Robert Magovern |
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| James Van Orden |
It also restores the tax deduction for expenses paid with PPP loan proceeds, makes a number of changes in PPP and other SBA programs, and creates a new grant program for performance venues and businesses.
The new act extends the effectiveness of the original Paycheck Protection Program — now referred to as the first draw — creates a new program, or second draw, for previous PPP borrowers who have used or will have used by the time of second-draw loan disbursement their previous loans and meet new eligibility requirements, and permits some original PPP borrowers to receive an addition to their original PPP loan.
In general, the amendments were effective as of the date of signing the act. However, some changes are retroactive to the adoption of the original Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security, or CARES, Act in March 2020, making them applicable to existing PPP loans that are not yet forgiven.
The first-draw and second-draw programs were opened to lenders in three phases, so that community financial institutions and smaller lenders had access before larger institutions. On Jan. 19, the program was opened to all lenders for both types of loans. Loans are first come, first served, so interested parties would be well advised to move quickly.
The U.S. Small Business Administration has issued two new interim final rules, one for first-draw loans and one for second-draw loans.
In the first installment of this two-part article, we provide an overview of the PPP in the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021 and the SBA's startup of the program. The forthcoming second part will highlight key provisions of the SBA's two new implementing rules.
First-Draw Loans
The first-draw program is an extension of the original PPP and follows the original PPP unless otherwise changed. Thus, in many respects, it will be familiar to practitioners in this area. Here are some of the major changes in the new program:
- The PPP is extended through March 31, 2021.
- The maximum loan amount is unchanged at 2.5 times average monthly payroll costs, up to $10 million.
- The SBA is to establish an expedited loan application process for loans up to $150,000. This is supposed to be a one-page form.
- The categories of eligible borrowers expanded to include housing cooperatives with no more than 300 employees, certain television stations and newspapers, certain 501(c)(6) organizations (e.g., chambers of commerce), and "destination marketing organizations."
- Two specific ineligible categories are also established: (1) publicly traded companies, and (2) businesses or organizations that were not in operation on Feb. 15, 2020.
- If the SBA decides to allow it, small-business debtors in bankruptcy proceedings (i.e., debtors with less than $7.5 million in debt) may become eligible for PPP loans, if they otherwise qualify. The loan would receive priority as an administrative expense.
- Eligible costs, for which PPP money can be spent, in the original program — payroll, rent, utilities and interest on secured debt — continue in the first-draw program. The act clarifies that payroll costs include group insurance for life, disability, vision and dental, in addition to health.
- New categories of eligible costs have been added. The new categories fall within the 40% portion for nonpayroll costs. The categories include:
- Covered operations expenditures, such as software or cloud-computing services;
- Covered property damage costs, or uninsured damage caused by 2020 disturbances;
- Covered supplier costs, or expenditures to suppliers under contracts entered into prior to the date of the loan that are essential to operations; and
- Covered worker protection expenditures, such as PPP and adaptive investments to comply with health and safety requirements or guidelines.
- Covered operations expenditures, such as software or cloud-computing services;
- Lobbying activities are specifically prohibited as a use of PPP proceeds.
- Borrowers may elect a covered period of any length between eight and 24 weeks. Previous SBA guidance had suggested a borrower could shorten the covered period if proceeds had been spent, but not all lenders allowed this.
- Forgiveness and repayment provisions remain the same, except that previous Dec. 31, 2020, deadlines have been appropriately extended. For example, the rehire safe harbor has been extended for new loans until the end of the covered period.
- For loans up to $150,000, a streamlined forgiveness application and documentation process is to be established, with an application no more than one page long and no requirement to submit supporting documentation. Borrowers will still be subject to document retention and audit requirements.
- The SBA is to adopt rules to implement the new program within 10 days.
These changes are not retroactive to loans already forgiven even if a borrower would, for example, no longer be eligible under the new first-draw PPP provisions or would be in a position to obtain a greater amount of forgiveness under those provisions.
An entity that has submitted an application for forgiveness that has not yet been granted by the SBA and for which these changes may be beneficial, may wish to speak with their lender about amending their forgiveness application prior to any grant of forgiveness by the SBA.
Second-Draw Loans
The act creates a new second-draw PPP loan for borrowers that previously received a PPP loan and have spent or will have spent by the time of second-draw loan disbursement all of those proceeds. Major aspects of the new program include:
- Except as specifically provided, second-draw loans are to be made under the same terms, conditions and processes as under the first-draw program.
- Eligibility is limited to business concerns, nonprofit organizations, housing cooperatives, veterans organizations, Tribal business concerns, eligible self-employed individuals, sole proprietors, independent contractors and small agricultural cooperatives as defined for first-draw purposes that meet two additional criteria: (1) they must employ not more than 300 employees, and (2) they had gross receipts in the first, second or third quarter or 2020 that are at least 25% less than the same quarter in 2019. For applications submitted on or after Jan. 1, 2021, the revenue reduction may also be shown for the fourth quarter of 2020 compared to the fourth quarter of 2019. There are alternative calculation methods for businesses not in operation in 2019 and for seasonal businesses and a simplified process for demonstrating revenue loss for loans up to $150,000.
- None of the following may be an eligible entity:
- Certain entities not eligible for SBA loans under existing SBA rules, such as financial businesses, passive businesses, illegal businesses and the like;
- Businesses primarily engaged in lobbying or political activities, specifically including think tanks;
- Entities owned 20% or more by businesses organized under the law of China or that have significant operations there;
- Entities having a China resident as a director;
- Any person required to be registered under the Foreign Agents Registration Act; or
- A person receiving a grant under the program for shuttered venue operators created under the act.
- Certain entities not eligible for SBA loans under existing SBA rules, such as financial businesses, passive businesses, illegal businesses and the like;
- In general, the maximum loan amount is the lesser of (1) 2.5 times average total monthly payroll costs during either the year before the loan application or calendar year 2019, at the borrower's option, or (2) $2 million. There are alternate calculation methods for seasonal employers and new employers.
- For entities with a North American Industry Classification System code beginning with 72 — restaurants, hotels, and other hospitality businesses — the maximum loan amount is the lesser of (1) 3.5 times average total monthly payroll costs during either the year before the loan application or calendar year 2019, at the borrower's option, or (2) $2 million.
- For NAICS code 72 businesses with more than one location, there is a rule similar to first-draw PPP loans. The borrower is eligible for a loan if each location meets the eligibility criteria — 300 employees and a 25% revenue decrease.
- The waiver of the affiliation rule used in first-draw loans — NAICS code 72, SBA-registered franchises and businesses receiving small business investment company assistance — also applies to second-draw loans, but instead of 500 employees the limit is 300.
- An entity may only receive one second-draw loan.
Additional Loans
The general rule is that a borrower may only receive one first-draw loan. However, the act instructs SBA to issue rules within 17 days of the effective date that allow a recipient of a first-draw loan that is not yet forgiven to seek an additional loan in two cases.
First, a borrower that returned all or part of its first-draw loan may apply for a new loan equal to the difference between the amount they actually received and the maximum amount applicable. Second, a borrower that did not accept the full amount to which they were entitled may request a modification of the loan to receive the maximum amount applicable.
Changes Applicable to Existing Loans
Several of the changes in first-draw loans are applicable not only to new loans but to existing loans that have not yet been forgiven. As a result, current borrowers may wish to alter their spending or wait to apply for forgiveness until these provisions are fully implemented.
The retroactive provisions include the following:
- The new categories of permissible costs — covered operations expenditures, covered property damage costs, covered supplier costs, and covered worker protection expenditures;
- The inclusion of group life, disability, and vision and dental insurance as a payroll cost.
- The streamlined forgiveness application and documentation process for loans up to $150,000.
- Elimination of eligibility for borrowers not in operation on Feb. 15, 2020.
PPP and the Employee Retention Tax Credit
The CARES Act created an employee retention credit, or ERC — a refundable tax credit available to taxpayers that either had their business fully or partially suspended during at least one quarter of 2020 or had a significant drop in gross receipts for quarters in 2020 relative to the same quarter in 2019.
Eligible businesses may claim a maximum credit of $5,000 per employee who is paid qualified wages. The appropriations act extends ERC from Jan. 1, 2021, to July 1, 2021.
The CARES Act prohibited a PPP borrower from receiving the ERC. Because ERC applies to a single employer on an aggregated basis, in general a taxpayer could not use a PPP loan for one company and still have that company or any other member of the corporate group be eligible for ERC. This provision is repealed by the appropriations act, so now even the same party may receive a PPP loan and take the ERC.
To prevent double dipping, a taxpayer may not receive the ERC for payroll costs that are paid for with a PPP loan, to the extent the loan is forgiven. However, a taxpayer is permitted to elect not to include certain payroll costs in the computation of the ERC, which allows them to be funded by a PPP loan.
The act also requires the SBA to adopt rules so that a borrower whose PPP loan is not fully forgiven may elect for the unforgiven portion of payroll costs to be eligible for ERC.
As a result of these changes, a PPP borrower may now have payroll costs paid from PPP proceeds to the extent required to receive full forgiveness of a loan and then to take ERC with respect to the excess payroll costs. These changes are effective as of the original effective date of the CARES Act.
Tax Treatment of Expenses Paid with PPP Proceeds
The IRS has issued guidance that expenses paid with PPP loan proceeds may not be deducted on the borrower's federal income tax return if the borrower reasonably expects to receive forgiveness of the loan, even if forgiveness has not been received or even applied for.
The premise for this position is to prevent double dipping because the forgiveness of the PPP loan is not taxable as cancellation of debt. This position had been widely criticized as taking away much of the economic benefit to a borrower intended by the program.
The act remedies this situation by specifically mandating that no deduction shall be denied, no tax attribute shall be decreased, and no basis increase shall be denied because the forgiveness of a PPP loan is not subject to tax as cancellation of debt.
Necessity and Audits of PPP Loans
In November, the SBA began using new Forms 3509 and 3510 to require certain borrowers to provide additional information concerning the necessity for their PPP loan. There has been considerable controversy surrounding the question of necessity and the use of the new forms.
Some hoped that Congress would modify the necessity requirement or the SBA forms in the stimulus act, but it did not. A necessity certification continues to be required for new PPP loans of all types. In fact, for the new second-draw program, Congress waived two of the certifications required in the previous PPP loan application, but not the necessity certification.
The U.S. House of Representatives Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis has identified what it believes is more than $4 billion in questionable PPP loans. The SBA fraud hotline has received thousands of complaints, and the U.S. Department of Justice has filed criminal charges against more than 80 individuals for suspected fraud in CARES Act relief programs.
As a response to concerns about fraud and waste in PPP, the act requires SBA to submit to the House and U.S. Senate small-business committees within 45 days of the effective date an audit plan with regard to forgiveness of loans over $150,000, and to provide updates on that plan every 30 days.
The audit plan is to include policies and procedures for conducting forgiveness reviews and audits and the metrics the SBA will use to determine which loans will be audited. The act also appropriates $50 million for PPP audits and fraud mitigation efforts.
It appears borrowers will need to respond to Form 3509 or 3510 when received, unless the new administration changes policy or the pending litigation challenging the forms is successful.
Other Provisions
The act establishes a Shuttered Venue Operator Grant program to provide financial assistance to live venue operators or promoters, theatrical producers, live performing arts organizations, museum operators, motion picture theatre operators and talent representatives that meet certain requirements. $15 billion dollars is appropriated for the program.
The act continues the payment of principal and interest on certain qualifying SBA loans existing prior to the CARES Act. Borrowers receive an additional three months of full payments, starting in February 2021. Thereafter, the payments will be capped at $9,000 per month. Certain borrowers are eligible for more favorable treatment.
The SBA's regular 7(a) loan and express loan programs continue to operate. The act increases the 7(a) guarantee percentage to 90% and increases the amount and guarantee percentage for express loans. Changes are also made in SBA's 504 loan program for fixed assets, microloan program, and Economic Impact Disaster Loan program.
The act repeals the CARES Act section requiring the amount of an EIDL advance up to $10,000 to be deducted from a PPP borrower's loan forgiveness amount. The EIDL changes are expected to increase the availability and usability of that program. PPP borrowers may also receive an EIDL loan. Companies may wish to take another look at EIDL as a funding source.
Funding
The unused money from the original PPP is returned to the U.S. Department of the Treasury, and a new appropriation of $284.45 billion is made for PPP and related programs. Of this, $131.72 billion is set aside for various purposes, including PPP loans for first-time borrowers, small borrowers or small loans in low-income areas.
After 25 days, the SBA may adjust these set-asides. The total unrestricted appropriation for PPP, both first and second draw, is $152.73 billion.
Steven J. Dickinson is co-chair of international practice, and Robert K. Magovern and James F. Van Orden are members, at Cozen O'Connor.
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